But the truth is that current realities call for different kinds of organizations, and that CPSR lived longer than we had any reason to expect. CPSR was founded in the early 1980's, one of many organizations born in reaction to the Reagan-era military build up and, most particularly, the Strategic Defense Initiative, commonly known as the "Star Wars" program. The goals of that program were so far beyond the technology of the time that it struck fear into the hearts of most knowledgeable computer scientists. As the program was initially construed, a single bug in a staggeringly complex program could easily have cost millions of lives, even as the program gave policy makers a false sense of security about the survivability of nuclear war. It was flat-out terrifying to many of us
Most of the organizations that formed in that era found themselves winding down after the Reagan-Bush years, and certainly not surviving to the Millennium. CPSR was different. At its founding, it was the only organization focused specifically on the impact of computers on society. As Star Wars faded, CPSR turned toward issues such as electronic privacy, computerized voting, participatory design, and online government.
In fact, there were so many topics of interest that CPSR could not contain them. Several organizations that began their lives as spinoffs from CPSR continue today, such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the 21st Century Project. Other organizations that were not CPSR spinoffs, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), nonetheless diverted substantial energies from CPSR. Over time, then, CPSR became the home for worries about the smaller issues related the role of computers in society, as the larger ones spun off to specialized groups.
The capabilities of the Internet, and the general Millennial temperament, seem to favor more highly-focused organizations, rather than catch-alls such as CPSR. It seems likely to me that social action groups will be more effective with such specialization, which makes the death of CPSR both more understandable and less lamentable. But that doesn't mean that nothing is being lost.
CPSR, as a general-purpose organization, provided a social nexus for people concerned about multiple computer/society issues to exchange ideas and devise new strategies. It's not clear to me where this is happening today, if anywhere.
But perhaps the worst aspect of CPSR's demise is that it leaves some "lesser" issues orphaned. Sure, issues about privacy and liberty will be addressed by EPIC and EFF, but what of the issues with no such specialized organizations? How will computing professionals organize themselve to address those issues?
Two issues, in particular, are of concern to me. First is the question of electronic voting. Electronic voting machines have an enorous potential to subvert democracy. While there are individuals addressing the issue, without CPSR, I see no organizational home for them. Second, and most ironically, is the role of computers in weapon systems and the military. The issue which gave birth to CPSR is one of the most regretable orphans in the wake of its demise.
CPSR had a good run, and I can't shed too many tears at its end. It was a 1980's style organization (some would say 1960's) fundamentally ill-suited to 21st century realities. But now, as computer technologists, it is all of our responsibility to consider the social consequences of the rapidly-advancing technology we continue to build, and to create new organizations for new concerns.
Fortunately, I see signs that this is exactly what's happening. I'm encouraged by the fact that, even as CPSR has been fading away, the importance of social responsibility has become an important part of a growing number of computer science programs.
CPSR was both too general, in the sense of trying to cover too many issues, and too exclusive, as if there could ever be computing professionals -- or even computer users, which is virtually all of us -- who do not have a moral obligation to worry about the consequences of new technologies. In the absence of CPSR, each of us has an individual obligation to be a computer professional for social responsibility.
